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If x-rays are normally absorbed by the earth's atmosphere, how do astronomers overcome this issue when studying celestial temperatures?

Answer 1

Satellites are used to observe x-ray sources.

Because they are essentially above the atmosphere, satellites in Earth's orbit are able to observe objects at wavelengths that are absorbed by the atmosphere.

This covers x-rays and gamma rays as well.

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Answer 2
Alice Andrews
Astronomers overcome this issue by using telescopes mounted on high-flying balloons, rockets, or satellites that can observe celestial objects above the Earth's atmosphere. These telescopes can detect X-rays without interference from the atmosphere.
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Answer from HIX Tutor

When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.

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