How is light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis?

The light energy stored in the energy rich compounds ATP and NADPH in the light reaction of photosynthesis. These energy rich compounds are utilised in the dark reaction for the reduction of carbondioxide into glucose. Finally, the energy is stored in the carbon bonds of glucose. Thank you

Light energy is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis through a series of complex biochemical reactions that occur in the chloroplasts of plant cells. The process involves two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).

1. Light-Dependent Reactions: These reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts and require light energy to occur. Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments, which excites electrons and triggers a series of reactions that result in the splitting of water molecules (photolysis) into oxygen, protons, and electrons. The electrons released from water are used to create ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), which are energy carriers.

2. Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle): Also known as the dark reactions or the Calvin cycle, this stage does not directly require light but depends on the products of the light-dependent reactions (ATP and NADPH). In this stage, carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere is fixed and converted into glucose through a series of enzymatic reactions. ATP and NADPH generated in the light-dependent reactions provide the energy and reducing power necessary for these reactions.

Overall, the light-dependent reactions capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the light-independent reactions to produce glucose and other organic compounds.