How is electromagnetic energy measured?

The spectrum of electromagnetic waves is very broad, and the instruments used to measure them are usually made of various types of antennae for radio and microwave waves, and optics/CCD for infrared and visible light, which are made to react in some way to their presence (detection).

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The units of measurement for electromagnetic energy vary depending on the type of radiation being measured, but common units include watts per square meter (W/m2) or watts per square centimeter (W/cm2) for radiant flux or irradiance, and watts per square meter per hertz (W/m²/Hz) for spectral power density. Electromagnetic energy is measured using instruments such as spectrometers, photometers, and radiometers. These instruments detect and quantify electromagnetic radiation across various wavelengths or frequencies.