How do we measure cosmic background radiation?
This is not visible from Earth so our only option is satellite observations.
Three (very successful) satellites have measured with increasing sensitivity the CMBR. They are COBE, WMAP and Planck. Note these were also able to resolve increasingly fine angular scales, allowing stupendous conclusions to be drawn from the data.
A comparison can be seen here:
Perhaps you wanted a more technical answer, but this is a start.
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The faint microwave radiation that permeates the universe is detected and measured by devices known as radiometers or radio telescopes. The most well-known measurement of cosmic background radiation was made by the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite in the early 1990s. More recently, more accurate measurements of cosmic microwave background radiation have been provided by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and the Planck spacecraft.
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When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
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