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How can I draw axial and equatorial bonds in glucose?

Answer 1

You follow the steps below.

Step 1. Draw the Fischer projection of glucose.

Step 2. Draw a cyclohexane chair, showing the axial and equatorial bonds.

Replace #"C-6"# of the ring with an #"O"# atom (the #"O"# atom on #"C-5"# of glucose), and place the bulky #"CH"_2"OH"# group in the equatorial position of #"C-5"#.

Step 3. Insert the #"OH"# groups on #"C-2"# to #"C-4"#.

In the Fischer projection their orientations are in the order "right-left-right".

In the pyranose chair, the orientations will be "down-up-down".

Draw the #"OH"# groups on #"C-2"# and #"C-4"# in the "down" (equatorial) positions.

Draw the #"OH"# group on #"C-3"# in the "up" (equatorial) location.

Draw an #"OH"# below the ring (axial) on #"C-1"# for the α form. Draw it above the ring (equatorial) for the β form.

The chair form of α-D-glucopyranose is

And the structure of β-D-glucopyranose is

As you move around the β-glucose ring, you see that all the substituents are equatorial.

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Answer 2

Ryan Andrews

Axial bonds in glucose are vertical, pointing up or down, while equatorial bonds are horizontal, pointing outward from the ring. In glucose, the axial position alternates with the equatorial position around the ring.

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Answer from HIX Tutor

When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.