How can cosmic rays penetrate so deep into our planet?

High energy protons and other nuclei are the building blocks of cosmic rays, which are believed to be produced by supernova explosions and active galactic nuclei. Because of their extreme energy, cosmic rays can pass through the atmosphere and possibly even reach the surface of the Earth.

High-energy particles from outer space, known as cosmic rays, are mostly protons and atomic nuclei. Because of their small size and high energy, cosmic rays can travel through the atmosphere and even reach the surface. Once they do, they collide with air molecules, producing secondary particles that continue to fall. Despite their interactions with atmosphere particles, some cosmic rays still reach the surface because of their high velocity and capacity to pass through a variety of materials. Moreover, some cosmic rays are deflected by Earth's magnetic field, but those with enough energy can still reach the surface.