How do polar protic solvents stabilize the chloride and bromide ions?
In addition to dipole–dipole interactions, polar protic solvents are capable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
In addition to dipole–dipole interactions, polar protic solvents are capable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding, because they contain an O – H or N – H bond. The most common polar protic solvents are water and alcohols (ROH), as seen in the examples in the Figure below. Polar protic solvents solvate both cations and anions well.
How do polar protic solvents affect nucleophilicity? In polar protic solvents, nucleophilicity increases down a column of the periodic table as the size of the anion increases.
This is opposite to basicity. A small electronegative anion like
Thus, nucleophilicity increases down a column even though basicity decreases, giving rise to the following trend in polar protic solvents:
This was taking from the text book: Organic Chemistry-Janice Gorzynski Smith 3rd Ed
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Polar protic solvents stabilize chloride and bromide ions through the formation of hydrogen bonds with the solvent molecules. This interaction helps to solvate the ions, reducing their tendency to associate with each other and preventing them from recombining to form the original solid salt. Additionally, the polar nature of the solvent molecules allows for electrostatic interactions with the charged ions, further stabilizing them in solution.
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When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
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