What is separating a solid from a liquid by evaporating the liquid called?

1. Filtration - separate insoluble solids from liquid.

The filter paper allows the liquid to flow through but it traps the larger pieces of insoluble solids as a residue. The substances that pass through the filter paper are called the filtrate.

Example: water and sand

2. Centrifugation - separate insoluble solids from liquid.

If the solid is very fine, this process can be sped up with a machine called a centrifuge. Centrifuges spin a test tube very fast, and the solid moves quickly to the bottom of the test tube due to gravity and centrifugal force.

Example: solid components in blood or urine

3. Crystallisation - separate soluble solids from liquid.

Crystallisation is a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs.

Example: water and sugar

4. Evaporation to dryness - separate soluble solids from liquid

When a solution is heated, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind the dissolved solids as residue. When a solution containing dissolved solutes is heated, the solvent will evaporate. Only the solute will remain in the evaporating dish.

Example: water and salt

P.S. Evaporation to dryness cannot be use for solutions like sugar solution because the sugar will decompose upon heating.

Distillation.