What conditions favour nucleophilic substitution?

1.) Solvent SN1 is polar Protic (at least one O-H or N-H bond), whereas SN2 is polar Aprotic (no O-H or N-H bonds).

2.) Substrate (methyl > primary > secondary (you want the LG to be less crowded) SN2 - Leaving group (LG) attached to the carbon is...)

SN1: tertiary > secondary (more density in the LG is desired)

Side Note: SN1 - Stabilizing the formed carbocation; SN2 - Watch out of the steric hindrance blocking the nucleophile.

Stereochemistry: SN1 - Racemization SN2 - Inversion (you launch a backside attack because LG is obstructing the frontside)

Answer the book's exercises repeatedly until it makes sense. Substitution and elimination are two processes that are typically in competition and both form the product; however, one will be the major and the other the minor product. SN1: Racemization

Nucleophilic substitution reactions are favored under the following conditions:

1. Presence of a good leaving group: The substrate should contain a functional group that can easily dissociate and leave the molecule, creating space for the incoming nucleophile.

2. Polar solvents: Polar solvents, such as water or polar aprotic solvents like acetone, help in solvating the nucleophile and the substrate, facilitating the reaction.

3. Nucleophilicity of the attacking nucleophile: A strong nucleophile with a high electron density is favored for nucleophilic substitution reactions.

4. Appropriate reaction conditions: The reaction conditions, such as temperature and pH, should be suitable for the specific nucleophilic substitution reaction being performed.