Is an acid catalyzed hydro-alkoxy addition the same as an acid-catalyzed alkoxyation?
Alkenes or alkynes gain one proton when they deprotonate water, breaking a pi bond and sending an electron in search of the proton.
Alkynes: Then, the alkoxide, seeing that an unstable triangular pi-bond-banana-bond complex formed, attacks the less substituted carbon (standard, Markovnikov addition) and attaches to improve the stability of the molecule. For alkenes, this occurs because the carbon next to the carbon that just donated a pi electron is seen as cationic and electrophilic. As a result, the alkoxide acts as a good enough nucleophile to be able to attach onto the cationic, less-substituted site.
The alkoxide is thought to be protonated (and cationic) after attaching, so the unprotonated water that was previously mentioned enters and deprotonates the alkoxide, completing the mechanism and replenishing the acid catalyst that initiated the reaction.
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Yes, an acid-catalyzed hydro-alkoxy addition is the same as an acid-catalyzed alkoxylation. Both terms refer to a chemical reaction where an alcohol group (alkoxy) is added to a molecule in the presence of an acid catalyst.
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When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
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