How would you tell the difference between chiral and achiral structures?

Now for a chiral molecule we look for a carbon that has four DIFFERENT substituents...#CR_1R_2R_3R_4#...which can potentially generate LEFT-HANDED and RIGHT-HANDED stereoisomers about carbon....

The isomer on OUR LEFT (as we face the page) is appropriately the #"S-stereoisomer"#, and the isomer on the RIGHT is the #"R-stereoisomer"#. And given this geometry the INTERCHANGE of ANY TWO substituents at the chiral carbon will give rise to the enantiomer...and interchange again, you get the enantiomer of an enantiomer, i.e. the original stereoisomer.

And so we look at the structures of the given molecules to try to identify any potential chiral centres..with a star

#1.# #H_3C-stackrel"*"CHBrCH_2CH_3#

#2.# #{PCl_2BrCH_3}^+#...the phosphorus is ACHIRAL

#3.# #Cl_3C-stackrel"*"CHFBr#

#4.# #HC-=C-CF_3# ….no chiral centres...

#5.# #CH_2Cl_3#...this is not a cromulent organic molecule... (I just wanted to use that word because Homer Simpson uses it.)

#6.# #{HP(Cl)(Br)(CH_3)}^+#...the phosphorus in this phosphonium ion is potentially chiral....but this would be a hard beast to isolate...

#7.# #F_3C-CBr_3#....no chiral centres...

#8.# #H_3CBr#...#"methyl bromide"# is ACHIRAL...