How old is the universe? How was this age determined?
In 2012, WMAP estimated the age of the universe to be 13.772 billion years, with an uncertainty of 59 million years.
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With a margin of error of 59 million years, WMAP's 2012 estimate of the universe's age was 13.772 billion years.
The age of the material inside the universe and its rate of expansion are the two methods by which we can calculate its age.
Utilizing the star ages (the Universe cannot be younger than the total age of its constituents), scientists have calculated that the Universe is at least 11 billion years old, based on the ages of the oldest stars.
In order to study the expansion of the universe, scientists use spacecraft like NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and the European Space Agency's Planck spacecraft. These missions measure the thermal radiation that remains after the Big Bang and can be used to determine the universe's density, composition, and rate of expansion. What is left over is called the cosmic microwave background, which has been mapped by both WMAP and Planck.
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Based on observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation, which is the leftover heat from the Big Bang, scientists have estimated the age of the universe to be about 13.8 billion years. To further refine this estimate, they have included data from measurements of the universe's expansion rate and observations of the oldest known stars and galaxies.
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When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
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