How is the size of the universe determined?
Red shift.
To put it simply, spectroscopy allows astronomers to measure the amount of red shift caused by distant objects because the two quantities are directly correlated.
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Observations of cosmic microwave background radiation, calculations based on the spatial curvature of the observable universe, and measurements of the universe's expansion rate (Hubble constant) are some of the techniques used to estimate the size of the universe.
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When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.

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