How does a black hole have an affect on time?

When v gets closer to c, time dilation happens. Beyond the event horizon, all physics breaks down, even light cannot escape, and time becomes imperceptible.

Time appears to move more slowly closer to a black hole due to the strong gravitational field of the object, which causes time dilation for observers close to the event horizon.

A black hole affects time due to its immense gravitational field, which is a result of its extremely dense mass compacted into a small volume. According to Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity is not just a force pulling objects together but a curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy.

Near a black hole, the gravitational field is so strong that it warps spacetime significantly. As objects or light get closer to the black hole, they experience a more intense gravitational pull. This gravitational time dilation causes time to slow down relative to a distant observer. This means that for someone far away from the black hole, time appears to pass more quickly for an object near the black hole compared to their own time.

Furthermore, as an object approaches the event horizon of a black hole (the boundary beyond which nothing can escape, not even light), time dilation becomes even more pronounced. At the event horizon, time appears to stop for the object falling into the black hole from the perspective of a distant observer. This does not mean that time has stopped inside the black hole; instead, it shows the extreme effects of gravity near the event horizon.

In summary, a black hole affects time due to gravitational time dilation caused by its intense gravitational field. Time appears to slow down for objects near a black hole relative to distant observers, and as an object approaches the event horizon, time dilation becomes increasingly pronounced, with time appearing to stop at the event horizon from an outside perspective.