How do phylogenetic trees work?

Answer 1

You use similarities to map out what you think is the most recent common ancestor between groups based on traits.

If you had a wolf, a dog, a cat, a lion, a lizard, and an eagle, you would say that the wolf and the dog are the most similar.![https://tutor.hix.ai Since dogs and wolves are fairly similar, place the dog on A and the wolf on B. The creature that lies between them is whatever ancient canine-saber tooth thing that gave rise to the dogs and wolves.

We'll place lions on D since they are similar to cats in that they have claws, eyes like cats, and spend the entire day sleeping. Out of all our animals, we would say that canines and felines share the trait of being four-legged mammals. Therefore, let's join the feline branch (C and D) to the canine branch (A and B) and assume that they both descended from the same quadruped mammal.

Next, what would we do if we wanted to create a warm-blooded branch? The eagle would be the obvious choice, but we could also create a branch based on the lizard because both have four legs. Which branch would be better? Ultimately, you want to create and arrange as many forks as possible that allow for maximum parsimony, or the branch that explains the changes in the shortest amount of time.

Compared to an outgroup, which is typically not as extreme, in this case the potato is the outgroup E. Something so different that it makes the canines, felines, birds, and reptiles have something in common: they are all animals.

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Answer 2

Branches on the tree represent lineages, and the length of branches can indicate the amount of evolutionary change that has occurred. Phylogenetic trees are constructed using various methods, such as maximum likelihood or Bayesian inference, and can be visualized using specialized software. Phylogenetic trees represent the evolutionary relationships between different species or groups of organisms. They are constructed based on shared characteristics, typically genetic or morphological, and depict the common ancestry and divergence of species over time.

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Answer from HIX Tutor

When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.

When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.

When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.

When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.

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