How do chemists synthesize anhydrides?

Answer 1

They use one of two common methods.

One might assume that heating a carboxylic acid would result in the formation of an anhydride.

#"RCOOH" + "HOCOR" stackrelcolor(blue)(Δcolor(white)(m))(→) "RCO-O-COR" + "H"_2"O"#

Carboxylic acids, on the other hand, typically do not evaporate when heated.

Therefore, there are two other ways that chemists can create anhydrides.

  1. How acyl chlorides and carboxylate salts interact
#"CH"_3"COONa" + "CH"_3"COCl" stackrelcolor(blue)(Δ)(→) "CH"_3"CO-O-COCH"_3 + "NaCl"#
  1. Applying a drying agent

Dehydrating agents are another tool that chemists can use to take the water out of carboxylic acids.

Common dehydrating agents are acetic anhydride, trifluoroacetic anhydride, #"PCl"_5#, #"P"_4"O"_10#, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
#"2CH"_3"COOH" + "P"_4"O"_10 → "CH"_3"CO-O-COCH"_3 + "P"_4"O"_9("OH")_2"#
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Answer 2

Chemists typically synthesize anhydrides by reacting carboxylic acids with acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides. This reaction is known as acylation. Alternatively, anhydrides can be formed by heating carboxylic acids.

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Answer 3

Chemists can synthesize anhydrides through the reaction of carboxylic acids with acyl chlorides or anhydrides themselves. The reaction typically occurs in the presence of a catalyst, such as pyridine or a tertiary amine, to facilitate the formation of the anhydride product. This reaction is known as the Fischer esterification. Alternatively, anhydrides can also be prepared by heating carboxylic acids in the presence of a dehydrating agent, such as phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) or thionyl chloride (SOCl2). This process eliminates water molecules from adjacent carboxylic acid molecules, resulting in the formation of anhydrides.

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Answer from HIX Tutor

When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.

When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.

When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.

When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.

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