How do aldehydes oxidize?

The ipso carbons can be given formal oxidation states as follows:

Naturally, we require an oxidizing agent of some kind. One possibility is chromic oxide, though these have never performed as advertised in my experience. Typically, the challenge lies in stopping at the aldehyde; the thermodynamic result is oxidation to the carboxylic acid.

Aldehydes oxidize by losing a hydrogen atom from the carbonyl group, forming a carboxylic acid. This process often involves the use of an oxidizing agent, such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) or chromic acid (H2CrO4).

Aldehydes can be oxidized to carboxylic acids through the action of oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) or chromic acid (H2CrO4). In this process, the aldehyde functional group (-CHO) is oxidized to a carboxylic acid functional group (-COOH). This oxidation involves the loss of hydrogen from the aldehyde carbon and the addition of oxygen to form the carboxyl group.