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How can evolution be measured?

Answer 1

Evolution can often be traced in a single genus, species or related species where there is a complete fossil record.

The effects of natural selection can be measures and studied wishing a single genus or species where there is a very complete fossil record and absolute age dates are present (see Pic.). The horse family is a good example of this wherein there is an excellent record of fossil horses over time and the dates are also known.

Biologists can then study how things like their teeth, hooves, and overall size have changed over time. More recently, humans have become a natural (or unnatural!) selection agent for horses as breeders select different breeds for speed, ability to prance around or whatever!

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Answer 2

Andrew Armstrong

Evolution can be measured through various methods, including observing changes in the physical characteristics of organisms over time, studying changes in gene frequencies within populations, analyzing fossil records, and comparing similarities and differences in DNA sequences among species.

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Answer from HIX Tutor

When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.