How can cells become transformed?

Question

Daniel Allen · Accepted Answer

Prokaryotes like bacteria can be transformed when a foreign genetic material enters the bacteria through its membrane.
If a similar process happens to a eukaryotic cell then we talk about cancerogenesis and transfection.

Transformation is one of three processes in which the foreign genetic material can be introduced into the bacterial cell.
Transformation (trans = over + form = shape), in molecular biology, is a genetic change of cells through direct input, incorporation and expression of foreign genetic material, transmitted through the cell membrane.

*Picture 1. The naked DNA molecule is competent for transformation if it is in a twin-chain and relatively large. The transformation competent cells must have a protein - factor of competition in the DNA.
When transforming into a recipient cell, only one chain of double-stranded DNA enters and is embedded in the host genome. The remaining single-stranded DNA (part of the original bacterial chromosome) will degrade enzyme exonucleases. After the whole process we have a new bacteria, a bateria with a new DNA. *
The term transformation is also possible in eukaryotes. However, as in the treatment of animal cells "transformation" has a special significance, in which it indicates the progression of cancerogenesis. The input of DNA into eukaryotic cells is usually called transfection.

Picture 2. cancerogenesis

Picture 3. different methods of transfection

Eli Ayoub · Answer

undefined Cells can become transformed through processes such as genetic mutations, viral infections, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, and changes in the cellular environment.