How are states of matter and changes in energy related?
I'm not a chemistry major, so here's the brief explanation:
Matter comes in 4 states -- solid, liquid, gas(eous) and plasma, but not every element or compound exists naturally in each state.
Water is pretty special in that it's the "only substance on Earth that occurs naturally as a liquid, a solid, and a gas."
(see Physical Geography , Peterson, Sack, and Gabbler, 10th Ed., p. 137)
(If this were not the case, life would not be able to exist on Earth.)
Water's chemical formula is H2O regardless of which state it's in, because change of state is a physical, not a chemical, change.
Energy is involved in changes of state.
Water needs heat (energy) to go from a solid (ice) to liquid water, and more energy/heat to go from there to water vapor (gas).
Water releases heat when it goes in the other direction.
"Evaporation is endothermic -- heat is absorbed when a liquid is converted into a gas because energy is required to break a molecule away from the rest of the liquid."
and:
"Condensation, the opposite of evaporation, is exothermic --heat is released when a gas condenses to a liquid."
(Introductory Chemistry , Nivaldo Tro, 3rd edition, p. 416.)
P.S., This is a really good chem book for an Intro course.
Connie
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Changes in energy often correspond to transitions between states of matter. Heating a substance can lead to a phase change from solid to liquid or liquid to gas, requiring energy absorption. Conversely, cooling a substance results in energy release during phase transitions. The amount of energy involved is governed by the substance's specific heat and latent heat of fusion or vaporization. The kinetic theory of matter explains these changes, emphasizing the relationship between particle motion, temperature, and energy transformations.
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When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
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