How do we rationalize the covalent bond? And how is metallic and ionic bonding conceived?
Traditionally, we regard the covalent bond as the sharing of electron density between atoms......
The modern covalent bond is regarded as a region of high electron density formed between two positively charged atomic nuclei such that internuclear repulsion is negated and a net attractive force between the nuclei to the electron cloud results.......This is the reason why we invoke electron sharing for a covalent bond......
On the other hand, ionic bonding is commonly rationalized by the transfer of electrons between species, typically from a metal TO a non-metal such that discrete positive and negative ions are generated, and electrostatic forces of attraction bind the ions together in an infinite, non-molecular array in which attraction between ions of UNLIKE charge overcome the electrostatic repulsion between ions of LIKE charge in the matrix, and a net attractive force results.
The so-called delocalization of electrons invoked for metallic bonding can also rationalize both the thermal and electrical conductivity of most metals, in that the free electrons act as carriers for heat and charge........
The distinction between molecular bonding (largely due to covalent bonding interaction), and non-molecular interaction (which characterizes ionic and metallic bonding) is clear.
Molecules can have differing degrees of intermolecular interaction, hydrogen bonding, where hydrogen is bound to a strongly electronegative atom, or dipole-dipole interactions if the molecule contains a dipole.
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Covalent bonding is the process by which atoms share electrons to form a stable electron configuration. This bonding is explained by the idea of orbital overlap, in which the orbitals of the bonding atoms overlap to form a molecular orbital, which stabilizes the system. Metallic bonding is thought of as the outcome of electron delocalization within a metal lattice. In metallic bonding, the valence electrons are free to move throughout the metal structure, creating a "sea" of delocalized electrons surrounding positively charged metal ions. This process results in the characteristic properties of metals, like conductivity and malleability.
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When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
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