How do I determine the valency of a main group element?
Usually by looking at how many columns away from the noble gases the element is, on the periodic table.
The valency is basically how many bonds it can make, which you can find by drawing the Lewis dot structure and finding which electrons are unpaired at the moment.
Take oxygen (
Drawing in the valence electrons one by one, the first four can be drawn like this:
#cdot stackrel(.)("O")cdot#
#color(white)(.')""^(.)#
Drawing the remaining two, it doesn't really matter where you place them; you'll find that there are two unpaired electrons when you're done:
#cdot stackrel(..)("O"):#
#color(white)(a.)""^(.)#
Or, maybe you could have:
#cdot stackrel(..)("O")cdot#
#color(white)('')""^(..)#
Either way, the Lewis structure tells us that the valency of oxygen atom is
Again, these covalent bonds are made by pairing up each electron with another electron from the other atom, such as carbon or hydrogen.
Two examples are water:
or even something like formaldehyde:
in which it also makes
As a result, you typically see oxygen making two bonds; otherwise, it ends to have a charge, like in
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The valency of a main group element can be determined by looking at its group number on the periodic table. For main group elements, the valency corresponds to the group number. For example, Group 1 elements have a valency of 1, Group 2 elements have a valency of 2, Group 13 elements have a valency of 3, and so on. However, there are exceptions like transition metals, which have variable valencies.
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The valency of a main group element can be determined by examining its group number on the periodic table. For main group elements (also known as representative elements), the group number indicates the number of valence electrons they have.
Group 1 elements have 1 valence electron, Group 2 elements have 2 valence electrons, Group 13 elements have 3 valence electrons, Group 14 elements have 4 valence electrons, Group 15 elements have 5 valence electrons, Group 16 elements have 6 valence electrons, Group 17 elements have 7 valence electrons, and Group 18 elements (Noble gases) have 8 valence electrons except for helium, which has only 2 valence electrons.
The valency of a main group element is typically equal to the number of valence electrons it needs to gain or lose to achieve a stable electron configuration, usually the nearest noble gas configuration.
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When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
When evaluating a one-sided limit, you need to be careful when a quantity is approaching zero since its sign is different depending on which way it is approaching zero from. Let us look at some examples.
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