Explain the mechanism of the Tishchenko reaction?

Question

Ella Allen · Accepted Answer

Interesting mechanism!

THE OVERALL TISHCHENKO REACTION

The overall reaction is an alcohol reacting with sodium metal at a low temperature (to minimize side reactions), forming an tri-oxo compound of sorts, which cascades downwards to form an ester.

THE TISHCHENKO MECHANISM

Here's how I understood the mechanism.

Likely that this is a simple single-replacement: #2"ROH"(l) + 2"Na"(s) -> 2"RONa" + "H"_2(g)# This generates the active nucleophile.
Then the aldehyde is placed into solution as the electrophile in the presence of the alkoxide nucleophile. The alkoxide attacks the aldehyde like it would a typical carbonyl compound.
This repeats one more time to generate a tri-oxo compound.
This is the interesting part. The rest, you've probably seen before if you've gotten to carbonyl chemistry in organic chemistry.
What happens here is known as a 1,3-hydride shift, which is a type of sigmatropic rearrangement. This is actually quite rare!
1. The #"C"-"O"^(-)# bond rotates to align the #p# orbital of oxygen with the #p# orbital of the electrophilic carbon (next to the (3) alkyl chain), then #pi#-donates to form a #pi# bond.
2. The hydride can then shift downwards to the carbon next to the (2) alkyl chain, bumping off the alkoxide.
  The transition state likely looks like this:
  
  which is quite unusual (normally I would expect to see this kind of agostic hydrogen, across two atoms), but that is what the mechanism suggests.
  
  The middle oxygen cannot accept electrons from the hydride (it is electron-donating, and has no compatible antibonding orbitals).
  
  Instead, the hydride can #sigma#-donate into the antibonding lobe of the #sp^2# orbital belonging to the carbon next to the (2) alkyl chain.
  
  To maintain a standard octet valence, that carbon must donate electrons into the bottom oxygen's antibonding (#sigma^"*"#) orbital, increasing its antibonding character enough to break the bottom #"C"-"O"# bond.
  
  FINAL PRODUCT
  
  The 1,3-hydride shift generates the final product, which is an ester consisting of an #\mathbf(R)# group from the alkoxide (1) and a possibly different #\mathbf(R"'")# group from the aldehyde (2).
  
  The aldehyde that was bound with the (3) #R# group has now regenerated the original alkoxide reactant.
  
  SIDENOTE: Interestingly enough, one might expect that the middle #"C"-"O"# bond breaks instead, from knowledge about tetrahedral collapse, so why is it that did NOT occur?
  
  Well, if it did occur, then we would go backwards and reform the previous intermediate. So, perhaps there is a large excess of the alkoxide that the equilibrium is pushed towards formation of product.

Nicholas Antonuccio · Answer

undefined The Tishchenko reaction involves the disproportionation of an aldehyde into an ester and another aldehyde in the presence of a metal catalyst, typically an alkoxide of a metal such as aluminum or zinc. The mechanism proceeds through an initial nucleophilic attack of the aldehyde on the metal catalyst, forming a metal alkoxide intermediate. This intermediate then undergoes a transfer of an alkoxide group to another aldehyde molecule, resulting in the formation of the ester and regeneration of the metal catalyst. The overall reaction is a redox process in which one aldehyde molecule is reduced to the corresponding alcohol while the other is oxidized to the ester.