How do electrons behave in metals? Do metals have a negative charge?

Question

How do electrons behave in metals?  Do metals have a negative charge?

Jeremiah Adams · Accepted Answer

Bulk metals are NEUTRAL; therefore their electric charge must also be neutral, and thus composed of equal number of electrons and protons, fundamental, positively charged, nuclear particles.

However, the classic representation of metals is of #"positive ions in a sea of electrons"#. Metals are thus conceived to be elements whose valence electrons are somewhat delocalized, with each metal contributing 1 or 2 or more electrons to the overall lattice structure. The nuclear core is positively charged because some of the valence electrons of individual atoms have been donated, allowing the delocalized electrons to be free to move over the metallic lattice and giving rise to the common metallic properties of malleability, ductility, and conductivity to heat and electricity. In this sense, metals are non-molecular species, lacking discrete metallic molecules. What do the terms "ductile" and "malleable" mean, and why would metallic bonding produce these qualities?

Peyton Adams · Answer

undefined A sea of delocalized electrons surrounded by positively charged metal ions makes up a metal; metals do not have a net negative charge. Instead, electrons in metals are delocalized and freely move throughout the material.

Henry Antrim · Answer

undefined Electrons in metals are delocalized, meaning they are not bound to specific atoms but instead move freely throughout the metal lattice. This behavior is a result of the unique structure of metals, where atoms are arranged in a crystal lattice with loosely bound outer electrons. Due to the delocalization of electrons, metals are excellent conductors of electricity and heat.

Metals themselves do not have a negative charge overall. However, due to the presence of free electrons, metals can conduct electricity, and this flow of electrons can result in the transfer of charge. This is why metals are often referred to as having a "sea of electrons," as these free electrons can move and carry charge within the metal lattice.